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The default folder location is shown. The supported OSes are grouped. If you want to install something very unusual that is not listed, select Other. This is particularly important for bit guests. It is therefore recommended to always set it to the correct value.
The amount of memory given here will be taken away from your host machine and presented to the guest OS, which will report this size as the virtual computer's installed RAM. Choose this setting carefully. The memory you give to the VM will not be available to your host OS while the VM is running, so do not specify more than you can spare. If you run two VMs at the same time, even more memory will be allocated for the second VM, which may not even be able to start if that memory is not available.
On the other hand, you should specify as much as your guest OS and your applications will require to run properly. A guest OS may require at least 1 or 2 GB of memory to install and boot up.
For best performance, more memory than that may be required. If insufficient RAM remains, the system might excessively swap memory to the hard disk, which effectively brings the host system to a standstill. As with the other settings, you can change this setting later, after you have created the VM. There are many and potentially complicated ways in which Oracle VM VirtualBox can provide hard disk space to a VM, see Chapter 5, Virtual Storage , but the most common way is to use a large image file on your physical hard disk, whose contents Oracle VM VirtualBox presents to your VM as if it were a complete hard disk.
This file then represents an entire hard disk, so you can even copy it to another host and use it with another Oracle VM VirtualBox installation. To create a new, empty virtual hard disk, click the Create button. You can pick an existing disk image file. The drop-down list presented in the window lists all disk images which are currently remembered by Oracle VM VirtualBox.
These disk images are currently attached to a virtual machine, or have been attached to a virtual machine. Alternatively, click on the small folder icon next to the drop-down list. In the displayed file dialog, you can click Add to select any disk image file on your host disk. Click the Create button. This wizard helps you to create a new disk image file in the new virtual machine's folder.
A dynamically allocated file only grows in size when the guest actually stores data on its virtual hard disk. Therefore, this file is small initially. As the drive is filled with data, the file grows to the specified size. A fixed-size file immediately occupies the file specified, even if only a fraction of that virtual hard disk space is actually in use. While occupying much more space, a fixed-size file incurs less overhead and is therefore slightly faster than a dynamically allocated file.
For details about the differences, see Section 5. But the image file must be large enough to hold the contents of the guest OS and the applications you want to install. For a Windows or Linux guest, you will probably need several gigabytes for any serious use. The limit of the image file size can be changed later, see Section 8. After having selected or created your image file, click Next to go to the next page. Click Create , to create your new virtual machine.
The virtual machine is displayed in the list on the left side of the VirtualBox Manager window, with the name that you entered initially. After becoming familiar with the use of wizards, consider using the Expert Mode available in some wizards.
Where available, this is selectable using a button, and speeds up the process of using wizards. Go to the VirtualBox VMs folder in your system user's home directory. Find the subdirectory of the machine you want to start and double-click on the machine settings file.
This file has a. Starting a virtual machine displays a new window, and the virtual machine which you selected will boot up. Everything which would normally be seen on the virtual system's monitor is shown in the window. See the screenshot image in Chapter 1, First Steps.
In general, you can use the virtual machine as you would use a real computer. There are couple of points worth mentioning however. This wizard helps you to select an installation medium. Since the VM is created empty, it would otherwise behave just like a real computer with no OS installed. It will do nothing and display an error message that no bootable OS was found.
In the wizard's drop-down list of installation media, select Host Drive with the correct drive letter. In the case of a Linux host, choose a device file. This will allow your VM to access the media in your host drive, and you can proceed to install from there. If you have downloaded installation media from the Internet in the form of an ISO image file such as with a Linux distribution, you would normally burn this file to an empty CD or DVD and proceed as described above.
In this case, the wizard's drop-down list contains a list of installation media that were previously used with Oracle VM VirtualBox. If your medium is not in the list, especially if you are using Oracle VM VirtualBox for the first time, click the small folder icon next to the drop-down list to display a standard file dialog. Here you can pick an image file on your host disks. After completing the choices in the wizard, you will be able to install your OS.
If you are running a modern guest OS that can handle such devices, mouse support may work out of the box without the mouse being captured as described below. But unless you are running the VM in full screen mode, your VM needs to share keyboard and mouse with other applications and possibly other VMs on your host. After installing a guest OS and before you install the Guest Additions, described later, either your VM or the rest of your computer can "own" the keyboard and the mouse.
Both cannot own the keyboard and mouse at the same time. You will see a second mouse pointer which is always confined to the limits of the VM window. You activate the VM by clicking inside it. By default, this is the right Ctrl key on your keyboard. On a Mac host, the default Host key is the left Command key. The current setting for the Host key is always displayed at the bottom right of your VM window. Your keyboard is owned by the VM if the VM window on your host desktop has the keyboard focus.
If you have many windows open in your guest OS, the window that has the focus in your VM is used. This means that if you want to enter text within your VM, click on the title bar of your VM window first. To release keyboard ownership, press the Host key.
As explained above, this is typically the right Ctrl key. For technical reasons it may not be possible for the VM to get all keyboard input even when it does own the keyboard. Your mouse is owned by the VM only after you have clicked in the VM window. The host mouse pointer will disappear, and your mouse will drive the guest's pointer instead of your normal mouse pointer. Note that mouse ownership is independent of that of the keyboard.
Even after you have clicked on a titlebar to be able to enter text into the VM window, your mouse is not necessarily owned by the VM yet. These tools make VM keyboard and mouse operations much more seamless. Most importantly, the Guest Additions suppress the second "guest" mouse pointer and make your host mouse pointer work directly in the guest.
Some OSes expect certain key combinations to initiate certain procedures. The recipient of these keypresses depends on a number of factors, including the key combination itself. Host OSes reserve certain key combinations for themselves.
As the X server intercepts this combination, pressing it will usually restart your host graphical user interface and kill all running programs, including Oracle VM VirtualBox, in the process. If, instead, you want to send these key combinations to the guest OS in the virtual machine, you will need to use one of the following methods:.
Use the items in the Input , Keyboard menu of the virtual machine window. However, the latter setting affects only Linux guests or Oracle Solaris guests.
This menu also includes an option for inserting the Host key combination. Use special key combinations with the Host key, which is normally the right Control key. This is a global setting for all virtual machines and can be found under File , Preferences , Input.
A soft keyboard can be used to input key combinations in the guest. While a virtual machine is running, you can change removable media in the Devices menu of the VM's window. But as the Settings dialog is disabled while the VM is in the Running or Saved state, the Devices menu saves you from having to shut down and restart the VM every time you want to change media. Using the Devices menu, you can attach the host drive to the guest or select a floppy or DVD image, as described in Section 3.
You can resize the VM's window while that VM is running. When you do, the window is scaled as follows:. If you have scaled mode enabled, then the virtual machine's screen will be scaled to the size of the window.
This can be useful if you have many machines running and want to have a look at one of them while it is running in the background. Alternatively, it might be useful to enlarge a window if the VM's output screen is very small, for example because you are running an old OS in it.
The aspect ratio of the guest screen is preserved when resizing the window. To ignore the aspect ratio, press Shift during the resize operation. See Chapter 14, Known Limitations for additional remarks. If you have the Guest Additions installed and they support automatic resizing , the Guest Additions will automatically adjust the screen resolution of the guest OS.
For example, if you are running a Windows guest with a resolution of x pixels and you then resize the VM window to make it pixels wider, the Guest Additions will change the Windows display resolution to x Otherwise, if the window is bigger than the VM's screen, the screen will be centered. If it is smaller, then scroll bars will be added to the machine window. When you click on the Close button of your virtual machine window, at the top right of the window, just like you would close any other window on your system, Oracle VM VirtualBox asks you whether you want to save or power off the VM.
Save the machine state: With this option, Oracle VM VirtualBox freezes the virtual machine by completely saving its state to your local disk. When you start the VM again later, you will find that the VM continues exactly where it was left off. All your programs will still be open, and your computer resumes operation. Saving the state of a virtual machine is thus in some ways similar to suspending a laptop computer by closing its lid.
Send the shutdown signal. This will send an ACPI shutdown signal to the virtual machine, which has the same effect as if you had pressed the power button on a real computer. This should trigger a proper shutdown mechanism from within the VM. Power off the machine: With this option, Oracle VM VirtualBox also stops running the virtual machine, but without saving its state. This is equivalent to pulling the power plug on a real computer without shutting it down properly.
If you start the machine again after powering it off, your OS will have to reboot completely and may begin a lengthy check of its virtual system disks. As a result, this should not normally be done, since it can potentially cause data loss or an inconsistent state of the guest system on disk. As an exception, if your virtual machine has any snapshots, see Section 1.
In that case, powering off the machine will not disrupt its state, but any changes made since that snapshot was taken will be lost. The Discard button in the VirtualBox Manager window discards a virtual machine's saved state. This has the same effect as powering it off, and the same warnings apply. VM groups enable the user to create ad hoc groups of VMs, and to manage and perform functions on them collectively, as well as individually. Select multiple VMs and select Group from the right-click menu.
This command creates a group "TestGroup" and attaches the VM "vm01" to that group. Detach a VM from the group, and delete the group if empty. For example:. This command detaches all groups from the VM "vm01" and deletes the empty group. This command creates the groups "TestGroup" and "TestGroup2", if they do not exist, and attaches the VM "vm01" to both of them. With snapshots, you can save a particular state of a virtual machine for later use.
At any later time, you can revert to that state, even though you may have changed the VM considerably since then. A snapshot of a virtual machine is thus similar to a machine in Saved state, but there can be many of them, and these saved states are preserved. To see the snapshots of a virtual machine, click on the machine name in VirtualBox Manager. Then click the List icon next to the machine name, and select Snapshots. Until you take a snapshot of the machine, the list of snapshots will be empty except for the Current State item, which represents the "now" point in the lifetime of the virtual machine.
Take a snapshot. This makes a copy of the machine's current state, to which you can go back at any given time later. The snapshots window is shown. Do one of the following:. Click the Take icon. Right-click on the Current State item in the list and select Take.
In either case, a window is displayed prompting you for a snapshot name. This name is purely for reference purposes to help you remember the state of the snapshot. For example, a useful name would be "Fresh installation from scratch, no Guest Additions", or "Service Pack 3 just installed".
You can also add a longer text in the Description field. Your new snapshot will then appear in the snapshots list. Underneath your new snapshot, you will see an item called Current State , signifying that the current state of your VM is a variation based on the snapshot you took earlier.
If you later take another snapshot, you will see that they are displayed in sequence, and that each subsequent snapshot is derived from an earlier one. Oracle VM VirtualBox imposes no limits on the number of snapshots you can take.
The only practical limitation is disk space on your host. Each snapshot stores the state of the virtual machine and thus occupies some disk space. Restore a snapshot. In the list of snapshots, right-click on any snapshot you have taken and select Restore. By restoring a snapshot, you go back or forward in time. The current state of the machine is lost, and the machine is restored to the exact state it was in when the snapshot was taken.
Restoring a snapshot will affect the virtual hard drives that are connected to your VM, as the entire state of the virtual hard drive will be reverted as well. This means also that all files that have been created since the snapshot and all other file changes will be lost. In order to prevent such data loss while still making use of the snapshot feature, it is possible to add a second hard drive in write-through mode using the VBoxManage interface and use it to store your data.
As write-through hard drives are not included in snapshots, they remain unaltered when a machine is reverted. To avoid losing the current state when restoring a snapshot, you can create a new snapshot before the restore operation. By restoring an earlier snapshot and taking more snapshots from there, it is even possible to create a kind of alternate reality and to switch between these different histories of the virtual machine.
This can result in a whole tree of virtual machine snapshots, as shown in the screenshot above. Delete a snapshot. This does not affect the state of the virtual machine, but only releases the files on disk that Oracle VM VirtualBox used to store the snapshot data, thus freeing disk space. To delete a snapshot, right-click on the snapshot name in the snapshots tree and select Delete.
Snapshots can be deleted even while a machine is running. Whereas taking and restoring snapshots are fairly quick operations, deleting a snapshot can take a considerable amount of time since large amounts of data may need to be copied between several disk image files.
Temporary disk files may also need large amounts of disk space while the operation is in progress. There are some situations which cannot be handled while a VM is running, and you will get an appropriate message that you need to perform this snapshot deletion when the VM is shut down.
Think of a snapshot as a point in time that you have preserved. More formally, a snapshot consists of the following:. The snapshot contains a complete copy of the VM settings, including the hardware configuration, so that when you restore a snapshot, the VM settings are restored as well. For example, if you changed the hard disk configuration or the VM's system settings, that change is undone when you restore the snapshot.
The copy of the settings is stored in the machine configuration, an XML text file, and thus occupies very little space. The complete state of all the virtual disks attached to the machine is preserved. Going back to a snapshot means that all changes that had been made to the machine's disks, file by file and bit by bit, will be undone as well. Files that were since created will disappear, files that were deleted will be restored, changes to files will be reverted.
Strictly speaking, this is only true for virtual hard disks in "normal" mode. You can configure disks to behave differently with snapshots, see Section 5. In technical terms, it is not the virtual disk itself that is restored when a snapshot is restored.
Instead, when a snapshot is taken, Oracle VM VirtualBox creates differencing images which contain only the changes since the snapshot were taken. When the snapshot is restored, Oracle VM VirtualBox throws away that differencing image, thus going back to the previous state. This is both faster and uses less disk space. For the details, which can be complex, see Section 5. Creating the differencing image as such does not occupy much space on the host disk initially, since the differencing image will initially be empty and grow dynamically later with each write operation to the disk.
The longer you use the machine after having created the snapshot, however, the more the differencing image will grow in size. If you took a snapshot while the machine was running, the memory state of the machine is also saved in the snapshot. This is in the same way that memory can be saved when you close a VM window. When you restore such a snapshot, execution resumes at exactly the point when the snapshot was taken.
The memory state file can be as large as the memory size of the VM and will therefore occupy considerable disk space. When you select a virtual machine from the list in the VirtualBox Manager window, you will see a summary of that machine's settings on the right. Clicking on Settings displays a window, where you can configure many of the properties of the selected VM. But be careful when changing VM settings. It is possible to change all VM settings after installing a guest OS, but certain changes might prevent a guest OS from functioning correctly if done after installation.
This is because the Settings dialog enables you to change fundamental characteristics of the virtual machine that is created for your guest OS. For example, the guest OS may not perform well if half of its memory is taken away. As a result, if the Settings button is disabled, shut down the current VM first.
Oracle VM VirtualBox provides a wide range of parameters that can be changed for a virtual machine. The various settings that can be changed in the Settings window are described in detail in Chapter 3, Configuring Virtual Machines. Even more parameters are available when using the VBoxManage command line interface.
Removing a VM. The confirmation dialog enables you to specify whether to only remove the VM from the list of machines or to remove the files associated with the VM.
Note that the Remove menu item is disabled while a VM is running. Moving a VM. Note that the Move menu item is disabled while a VM is running. You can create a full copy or a linked copy of an existing VM. This copy is called a clone. The Clone Virtual Machine wizard guides you through the cloning process. Start the wizard by clicking Clone in the right-click menu of the VirtualBox Manager's machine list or in the Snapshots view of the selected VM.
Specify a new Name for the clone. You can choose a Path for the cloned virtual machine, otherwise Oracle VM VirtualBox uses the default machines folder. The Clone Type option specifies whether to create a clone linked to the source VM or to create a fully independent clone:. Full Clone: Copies all dependent disk images to the new VM folder. A full clone can operate fully without the source VM. Linked Clone: Creates new differencing disk images based on the source VM disk images.
The Snapshots option specifies whether to create a clone of the current machine state only or of everything. Everything: Clones the current machine state and all its snapshots. Current Machine State and All Children:.
Clones a VM snapshot and all its child snapshots. This is the default setting. This is the best option when both the source VM and the cloned VM must operate on the same network. The duration of the clone operation depends on the size and number of attached disk images. In addition, the clone operation saves all the differencing disk images of a snapshot. Note that the Clone menu item is disabled while a machine is running.
Oracle VM VirtualBox can import and export virtual machines in the following formats:. This is the industry-standard format. Cloud service formats. Export to and import from cloud services such as Oracle Cloud Infrastructure is supported. OVF is a cross-platform standard supported by many virtualization products which enables the creation of ready-made virtual machines that can then be imported into a hypervisor such as Oracle VM VirtualBox.
Using OVF enables packaging of virtual appliances. These are disk images, together with configuration settings that can be distributed easily. This way one can offer complete ready-to-use software packages, including OSes with applications, that need no configuration or installation except for importing into Oracle VM VirtualBox.
In particular, no guarantee is made that Oracle VM VirtualBox supports all appliances created by other virtualization software. For a list of known limitations, see Chapter 14, Known Limitations. They can come in several files, as one or several disk images, typically in the widely-used VMDK format.
They also include a textual description file in an XML dialect with an. These files must then reside in the same directory for Oracle VM VirtualBox to be able to import them. Alternatively, the above files can be packed together into a single archive file, typically with an. OVF cannot describe snapshots that were taken for a virtual machine. As a result, when you export a virtual machine that has snapshots, only the current state of the machine will be exported. The disk images in the export will have a flattened state identical to the current state of the virtual machine.
From the file dialog, go to the file with either the. Click Import to open the Appliance Settings screen. You can change this behavior by using the Primary Group setting for the VM.
Base Folder: Specifies the directory on the host in which to store the imported VMs. You can override the default behavior and preserve the MAC addresses on import. Click Import to import the appliance. Because disk images are large, the VMDK images that are included with virtual appliances are shipped in a compressed format that cannot be used directly by VMs.
So, the images are first unpacked and copied, which might take several minutes. You can use the VBoxManage import command to import an appliance. Select one or more VMs to export, and click Next. The Appliance Settings screen enables you to select the following settings:.
You have the option to launch instances onto a specific Dedicated Host, or you can let Amazon EC2 place the instances automatically based on your licensing preferences in AWS License Manager. Controlling instance placement allows you to deploy applications to address licensing, corporate compliance, and regulatory requirements. You can run different instance sizes within the same instance family on a Dedicated Host using AWS Nitro instance family.
This allows you to maximize utilization of your Dedicated Host fleet as well as your software licenses. How do I import and use my own Windows Server license? Visit this link for more information on how to bring your own machine images into AWS. Keep in mind that when you choose to bring in your existing Windows Server licenses, you cannot utilize Windows Server AMIs that you purchase from AWS through license-included instances.
You must bring in your own licenses using your own software media. These changes are paired with Host level data, such as the Host ID and the number of sockets and physical cores installed on a Dedicated Host. AWS Config will also keep track of instance tags. We recommend that you tag your instances with a meaningful identifier if you would like a human-readable way to identify BYOL instances in the AWS Config output. Visit this page for more information on AWS Config.
Visit the Dedicated Hosts detail page for information on the number of instances available per Dedicated Host. On this page you will also find the number of sockets and cores installed on each EC2 Dedicated Host. The instance, socket, and core counts vary by the instance type configuration of the Dedicated Host. In , Microsoft updated the licensing terms for dedicated hosts cloud service.
For more details refer to the pricing section for software usage on Dedicated Hosts. Does License Mobility work with Windows Server? You should not use your own Windows Server license on EC2 instances with default tenancy unless you have approval from Microsoft to do so.
If you have negotiated custom terms with Microsoft and have this permission, please contact AWS support or reach out to your account manager. AWS manages the licensing for you; all you need to do is pay for the instances you use. Each instance comes with two remote connections for admin purposes only. If you require more than two connections, or need those connections for purposes other than admin, you may have to bring in additional Remote Desktop Services CALs for use on AWS.
However, if you need to migrate from license-included to BYOL and have applications or OS configurations that need to be migrated, we suggest that you reach out to our partners, such as CloudEndure or AppZero, who may be able to assist with these types of migrations. Microsoft requires that customers complete and send a License Mobility verification form which can be downloaded here.
There are various factors to consider when licensing passive failover for SQL Server. In all cases, you must license Windows Server.
To assist you with your virtual core licensing calculations under the Microsoft Product Terms, we provide a table here that shows the number of virtual representations of hardware threads based on instance type.
Using this information, you can calculate the number of SQL Server licenses that you need to bring in. For additional information, we recommend referencing Microsoft documentation, such as the licensing guide for SQL Server see here. SQL Server Web may not be used to support line of business applications e.
Using AWS Config as the data source you can track configuration changes against physical resources such as sockets and cores. These changes are paired with Host level data, such as the Host ID and the number of sockets and physical cores installed. We recommend that you tag your instances with a meaningful identifier if you would like a human-readable way to identify BYOL instances in your AWS Config logs.
SQL Server Developer Edition is eligible for use in non-production, development, and test workloads. An unlimited number of end users can access SQL Server on a license included instance.
However, Microsoft made changes to the license terms under these specific subscription programs that do not permit BYOL for subscriptions purchased or renewed after October 1, , and these new terms become effective at renewal. Microsoft Dynamics On-premises can be licensed with perpetual licenses with Software Assurance SA , or with active user subscription licenses. Can I buy other license included Microsoft products for use on EC2?
Can I bring in my own licenses for use on AWS? We have many customers that have successfully brought in and deployed licenses on Amazon EC2. Customers can choose to use shared EC2 instances and utilize License Mobility or they can purchase EC2 Dedicated Hosts and utilize physically dedicated hardware. How can I obtain additional Remote Desktop Services licenses? This Quickstart is available to help you provision these licenses for your administrators.
Under this model, you would deploy your service on AWS and rent remote desktop licenses for your end users on a monthly basis.
In contrast, when System Center products are purchased individually as Client Management Licenses, and are not purchased as part of System Center Standard or System Center Datacenter suites, the licenses are intended for managing end user clients rather than server environments.
This allows them to take advantage of pricing that they have negotiated with Microsoft under their EA. Microsoft requires that customers not mix self-hosting rights and SPLA for each application. If you have a solution that is licensed under the self-hosting benefit and you wish to bring it to AWS, you can deploy this on EC2 default tenancy. In this scenario, you would still be required to purchase a Windows license-included instance. We encourage startups to try AWS Activate , with benefits including usage credits, support, training and more.
Look for the date stamp in the AMI name. You find the date stamp last 8 digits at the end of the AMI name. The latest server OS released by Microsoft, Windows Server , offers a variety of features and improvements in performance, connectivity and security. What will it cost to run Windows Server ? More details can be found in the Amazon EC2 pricing pages. Which EC2 instance types work best with Windows Server ?
Windows Server comes loaded with a variety of powerful new features including support for Docker and Windows Containers. Please see changes to Nano Server for more details. With these enhancements, SSM agent now supports a number of advanced settings and launch-time configurations. You can find a sample walkthrough in the AWS Blog. Yes, you can upgrade Windows instances to Windows Server Visit this page for more details. The release also features a Nano Server deployment option that boots faster than the Standard Edition and uses a fraction of the disk space.
Please see Changes to Nano Server for more details. Nano Server is optimized to run cloud-hosted applications and containers. Compared to Windows Server , it starts faster, requires fewer updates, consumes far less disk space, presents less surface area for security threats, and only runs bit applications, tools, and agents. Alternately, users can customize a Nano Server instance post-launch by using Run Command , which enables configuration via remote command execution.
Windows Server instances are billed under standard Windows EC2 pricing. For details on the differences between the Windows Server Editions, please refer to the Microsoft documentation. At this time, all Amazon EC2 instance types are supported.
ReFS was designed for file sharing workloads like sharing content or streaming videos. EBS volumes can be used to setup a Storage Pool. Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May Namespaces Article Talk.
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